The directions below refer to the System of Referencing required.

Quotations in the text should be enclosed in “double quotation marks”. Use ‘single quotes’ only within double quotes.

Words from other languages, and words intended to be especially emphasised, should be italicised (underlined).

Footnotes should be identified in the text by superscript numbers. Hyperlinks are acceptable in the text and footnotes.

References should be identified in the text by the name of the author(s) and the year of publication according to the following examples: “As Kolb (1984, pp. 22-3) has observed…”.

Or in a more general reference “Kolb (1984) appears to be saying…”. “…as related by Smithson (1984)”, “…as has been argued (Blackstone 2002: 13-16)”. “Several authors have identified this tendency (Jones 1980; Whites and Nicholas 1978; Jacobs et al. 2001)”. For works without an author, list the title first followed by the date.

Reference and Bibliography Section

All works cited in the text must be listed alphabetically according to the first author in a reference section at the end of the manuscript. References to books should include the place of publication and the publisher’s name, and references to articles in journals should include volume and page numbers, as in the following examples:

• Kolb, D. A.  (1984).  Experiential Learning.  London:  Prentice Hall

• Boud, D. (Ed)  (1988).  Developing Student Autonomy in Learning.  (2nd ed.).  London:  Kogan Page.

• Ramsden, P. & Entwistle, N.J. (1981).  ‘Effects of academic departments on students’ approaches to studying’, British Journal of Psychology , 51, pp. 368-83.

For chapters in books use the following example: Example

Osborne, C., Davies, J. & Garnett, J.  (1998).  ‘Guiding the student to the centre of the stakeholder curriculum:  Independent and Work Based Learning at Middlesex University’ in J. Stephenson & M. Yorke (Eds) Capability and quality in Higher Education.  London:  Kogan Page

For a work with six authors or more give only the first name followed by et al.

When citing the work of one author found in the work of another you should acknowledge that you did not consult the original source. Example: Supporting evidence appears in a study by Black (cited in Smith and Jones, 2001, p.64).

To cite printed or electronic newspaper articles, use the following examples: Norton-Taylor, R. (2001). `Amnesty attacks Britain on asylum’ Guardian. 31May, p11 (1-2), or Norton-Taylor, R. (2001). `Amnesty attacks Britain on asylum’. Guardian [Online] 31 May. Available from :

http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4195474,00.htm~top [Accessed 27^th August 2001].

On CD Rom Example:

Norton-Taylor, R. (2001). `Amnesty attacks Britain on asylum’. Guardian. [CD-ROM]. 31 May, p.11.